Katherine Mansfield Essay

Her feelings of disjuncture were accentuated when she arrived in Britain in 1903 to attend Queen’s College. In many respects, Mansfield remained a lifelong outsider, a traveler between two seemingly similar yet profoundly different worlds. After briefly returning to New Zealand in 1906, she moved back to Europe in 1908, living and writing in England and parts of continental Europe. Until her premature death from tuberculosis at the age of 34, Mansfield remained in Europe, leading a Bohemian, unconventional way of life. The Domestic Picturesque Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Prelude† is set in New Zealand and dramatizes the disjunctures of colonial life through an account of the Burnell family’s move from Wellington to a country village. The story takes its title from Wordsworth’s seminal poem, â€Å"The Prelude,† the first version of which was completed in 1805, which casts the poet as a traveler and chronicles the â€Å"growth of a poet’s mind. †[4] Although the Burnell family moves a mere â€Å"six miles† from town, the move is not inconsequential; it enacts a break with their previous way of life and alerts the family members to the various discontinuities in their lives. Beneath the veneer of the Burnells’ harmonious domestic life are faint undercurrents of aggression and unhappiness. The haunting specter of a mysterious aloe plant and a slaughtered duck in their well-manicured yard suggests that the family’s â€Å"awfully nice† new home conceals moments of brutality and ignorance toward another way of life that was suppressed and denied. [5] As I will propose, these two incidents echo the aesthetic concept of the sublime, as they encapsulate a mysterious power that awes its beholders and cannot be fully contained within their picturesque home. Through her subtle, dream-like prose, Mansfield deploys traditional aesthetic conventions like the picturesque while simultaneously transfiguring, subverting, and reinventing them in a modernist context. The concept of the picturesque was first defined by its originator, William Gilpin, an 18th century artist and clergyman, as â€Å"that kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture. †[6] Thus, a scene or representation is beautiful when it echoes an already-established, artistic conception of beauty, revealing the self-reinforcing way in which art creates the standard of beauty for both art and life. Mansfield presents these picturesque moments in order to demystify them and reveal the suppression and violence they contain. In addition to â€Å"Prelude,† her stories â€Å"Garden Party† and â€Å"Bliss† dramatize the transformation and inversion of picturesque moments of bourgeois life and domestic harmony. While she seems to exhibit a certain attachment to these standard aesthetic forms, Mansfield subtly interrogates many of these conventions in a strikingly modernist way. Through her childhood in a colony, Mansfield also became attuned to the violence and inequalities of colonialism. As Angela Smith suggests, her early writings demonstrate a keen sensitivity towards a repressed history of brutality and duplicity. [7] In her 1912 short story â€Å"How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped,† she questions and overturns the perspective of the colonialist, whose vantage point historically trumps that of the native. The deliberate ambivalence of the word â€Å"kidnapping† dramatizes the conflict between the colonist’s perspective and Pearl’s joyful, eye-opening experiences during her abduction. In a similar way, empire dramatized for Mansfield the way that a picturesque, bourgeois household could suppress alternative perspectives. The Sublime In â€Å"Prelude,† the mysterious, sublime aloe plant disrupts the pleasant domesticity of the Burnell household. Their well-manicured yard with its tennis lawn, garden, and orchard also contains a wild, unseemly side—â€Å"this was the frightening side, and no garden at all. †[8] This â€Å"side† contains the aloe plant, which exerts a mysterious, enthralling power over its awed beholders. In its resemblance to the ocean, the aloe assumes the characteristics of the sublime: â€Å"the high grassy bank on which the aloe rested rose up like a wave, and the aloe seemed to ride upon it like a shop with the oars lifted. Bright moonlight hung upon the lifted oars like water, and on the green wave glittered the dew. †[9] For many writers and poets, the ocean was a manifestation of the sublime because of its unfathomable power and scale that awed and humbled its observers. The aloe’s strikingly physiological effect on its viewers recalls Edmund Burke’s sublime, which overpowers its observer and reinforces the limitations of human reason and control. In his famous treatise on the sublime, Burke writes: â€Å"greatness of dimension, vastness of extent or quantity† is a powerful cause of the sublime, as it embodies the violent and overpowering forces of nature. [10] In a similar vein, the child, Kezia Burnell’s first impression upon seeing the â€Å"fat swelling plant with its cruel leaves and fleshy stem† is one of awe and wonder. [11] In this case, the sublimity of the aloe plant disrupts and challenges the domestic picturesque as it defies mastery, categorization, and traditional notions of beauty. In its resistance to categorization and control, the sublime embodies the part of the ungovernable landscape that the Burnell family cannot domesticate and the picturesque cannot frame. As a result, in â€Å"Prelude,† the magnitude of the sublime interrupts and fractures the tranquil surface of the picturesque by exposing the unfathomable depths beneath it. The colonial backdrop of the Burnells’ yard also contributes to the mysterious, occult power of the aloe. This unruly part of their property hints toward a landscape that eludes domestication and serves as a constant reminder that the Burnell family is living in a land that is not quite theirs and cannot be fully tamed. [12] At the age of 19, Mansfield wrote that the New Zealand bush outside of the cities is â€Å"all so gigantic and tragic—and even in the bright sunlight it is so passionately secret. †[13] For Mansfield, the bush embodies the history of a people whose lives have been interrupted and displaced by European settlers. [14] After wars, brutal colonial practices, and European diseases had devastated the local Maori population, the bush became a haunting monument to their presence. As the Burnell family settles down to sleep on the first night in their new home, â€Å"far away in the bush there sounded a harsh rapid chatter: â€Å"Ha-ha-ha†¦ Ha-ha-ha. †[15] In her subtle way, Mansfield unveils the voices of those whose perspectives are excluded from this portrait of nocturnal domestic harmony. In a similar way, the aloe plant exudes an unfathomable history that is beyond the time and place of the Burnells. Even its age—implied by the fact that it flowers â€Å"once every hundred years†Ã¢â‚¬â€suggests that the aloe exists on a different scale than its human beholders. [16] In its ancient, superhuman scale, the aloe gestures towards the â€Å"gigantic,† indicating a subtle, but implicitly threatening power within, or in proximity of the home. The aloe is a kind of lacuna in the imperial landscape of New Zealand, whose power threatens the colonial household and its control over the landscape. [17] By disrupting and encroaching upon the ostensibly safe domestic sphere, the aloe also echoes the â€Å"unheimlich,† or uncanny, an aesthetic concept explored by Sigmund Freud in his 1919 essay, â€Å"The Uncanny. † The uncanny becomes, in part, an invasive force violating the sacred, domestic sphere and hearkens back to a previously repressed or hidden impulse: â€Å"The uncanny is something which ought to have remained hidden but has come to light. †[18] In â€Å"Prelude,† the aloe is initially depicted as a threatening force that â€Å"might have had claws instead of roots. The curving leaves seemed to be hiding something. †[19] Positioned within the safe space of their property, the aloe is a menacing, ungovernable force that seems to encroach upon it. The plant becomes part of the repressed history of the landscape—a history that is only apparent to Kezia, her mother Linda Burnell, and her grandmother Mrs. Fairfield, who are attuned to the forces below the surface of the picturesque exterior. Violent Underpinnings Beneath many of Mansfield’s picturesque domestic scenes are moments of violence and rupture. In â€Å"Garden Party,† for instance, a poor man falls to his death during the preparations for a much-anticipated social gathering of the wealthy Sheridan family, undermining the convivial spirit of the occasion. In â€Å"Prelude,† Pat, the handyman, slaughters a duck while the children watch with grotesque enthrallment as it waddles for a few steps after being decapitated. â€Å"The crowning wonder† of the dead duck walking hearkens back to Burke’s sublime, which is experienced in â€Å"Prelude† within the confines of the private residence. [20] The sublimity of this apparent defiance of the properties of death acts as a dramatic external force imposing on the observers’ intellect and reason in a profoundly Burkian way. But later that night, when the duck is placed in front of the patriarch, Stanley Burnell, â€Å"it did not look as if it had ever had a head. †[21] The duck’s picturesque dressing—â€Å"its legs tied together with a piece of string and a wreath of little balls of stuffing round it†Ã¢â‚¬â€conceals its violent death. [22] In a similar way, the â€Å"awfully nice† picturesque house is imposed upon the landscape, as if it had never been any other way. [23] Through reconfiguration and transformation, a new imperial order conceals the fact that an older order once lay beneath it. In both cases, the picturesque functions as a way of naturalizing the violent order of domination. As Pat’s golden earrings distract Kezia from her grief over the duck’s death, the duck’s pretty garnish conceals its â€Å"basted resignation. †[24] There is no such thing as a pure aesthetics, Mansfield seems to suggest, as each serene moment is implicated in some act of violence, brutality, or suppression. In â€Å"Prelude,† the good-natured Pat disrupts a pre-existing picturesque scene in which ducks â€Å"preen their dazzling breasts† amidst the pools and â€Å"bushes of yellow flowers and blackberries. †[25] Tellingly, the duck pond contains a bridge, a typical feature of the picturesque that reconciles or bridges the gap between different aspects of the scenery. In this way, the Burnell family’s cultivation of the land by planting and slaughtering ducks disrupts another underlying order. Their unquestioning appropriation of this pre-existing order mirrors the way colonial life disrupted and undermined the indigenous Maori life. Juxtaposing two picturesque scenes that interrupt and conflict with one another, Mansfield questions and unravels the conventional image of the picturesque. This interplay of various conflicting aesthetic orders constitutes part of Mansfield’s modernist style, in which aesthetic forms are ruptured, fragmented, and overturned. As the yard’s landscape bears traces of the Maori past, so the quiet harmony of the Burnells’ domesticity is underscored by deep, unspoken tensions and an animosity that hints at the uncanny. In fact, the only character who expresses any contentment is Stanley, who reflects, â€Å"By God, he was a perfect fool to feel as happy as this! †[26] Yet even he shudders upon entering his new driveway, as â€Å"a sort of panic overtook Burnell whenever he approached near home. †[27] Beneath this veneer of marital bliss and familial harmony, his wife Linda occasionally ignores her children and expresses hatred towards her husband and his aggressive sexuality: â€Å"there were times when he was frightening—really frightening. When she screamed at the top of her voice, ‘You are killing me. ’†[28] Meanwhile Stanley and Beryl, Linda’s sister, seem to have a flirtatious, indecent relationship: â€Å"Only last night when he was reading the paper her false self had stood beside him and leaned against his shoulder on purpose. Hadn’t she put her hand over his†¦ so that he should see how white her hand was beside his brown one. †[29] Dramatizing these dynamics, Mansfield suggests that a â€Å"happy† household outside of town is not as â€Å"dirt cheap† as Stanley boasts; it comes at the cost of servitude, sexual aggression, and a ravaged Maori landscape. [30] Through these layers, which Mansfield subtly strips off one at a time, she artfully exposes the way that an existing political and aesthetic order is not what it seems to be or how it has always been. Her short stories are fraught with their own tensions; while exposing the picturesque as false and absurd, she nevertheless draws on its conventional associations. Similarly, her subtle attempts to question colonial power are embedded in a seemingly idealized portrait of colonial life. Mansfield creates a seemingly beautiful or normal image, such as the happy family in â€Å"Prelude,† â€Å"Bliss,† or â€Å"Garden Party,† and then slowly challenges it through a subtle counter-narrative. In this way, her deployment of modernist techniques is less pronounced than that of James Joyce and her other modernist contemporaries. Just as she challenges aesthetic conventions, Mansfield unravels the reader’s ideas about her own stories by presenting a seemingly beautiful, transparent narrative that is haunted by tensions, lacunae, and opacity. Like the headless walking duck, these fictions of transparency and harmony quickly collapse upon closer inspection.

Though the most corrupt character in the world of any play, Valpone’s vitality and delight in life make him irresistibly attractive to us

It would be almost impossible for the audience of this satiric comedy, Valpone not to be moved, if not shocked by the larger than life, absolutely corrupt character of Valpone. He evokes both disgust and a perverted sense of admiration as we are presented to someone who is so completely vacant in compassion. We are almost in awe of this character who has no fear of punishment for his sins in this world or the next, yet the realisation that his evil is so strong and overbearing that he longs to rape the personification of innocence is chilling and deeply disturbing. Remorseless, loveless and careless, Johnson gives us a character not like any other and sets him in Renaissance Venice, the ideal place and time for such a tyrant and his parasite to thrive. Valpones gold is his god, and he in turn worships it as such â€Å"Good morning to the day; and, next, my gold! Open the shrine, that I may see my saint.† This opening speech is drenched with religious imagery, this blasphemous language shows no fear of retribution and this is backed up when he reveals that for him hell would be made heaven if he had gold there. Ironically it is the control that money and possessions have over Valpone that bring about his downfall, for while he is deeply cunning, witty and intelligent he continuously overreaches, blinded and seduced by money. We are immediately appealed and appalled by this foreboding fascination for riches for although it is sacrilegious it shows an amazing strength of character to turn his back completely on religion and its threat of eternal punishment. However his misery and stinginess are unbecoming qualities that fail to lure the audience. Here he shows the familiar characteristics of a fox, in that it is the chase not the kill that brings the thrill, i.e. he takes sheer pleasure in fooling his peers, and has no need for the money that he gains in doing so, except perhaps for loo king at. Another unattractive quality found in Valpone is his void of affection and love, he exploits his freakish bastard children, using them as a source them for entertainment â€Å"Call forth my dwarf, my eunuch and my fool And let 'em make me sport† Johnson has added these abnormals not only as a comic restbite but to give let us see the result of Volpones inner corruption externalised. Even his seemingly pleasant relationship with Mosca is built solely on flattery and humouring each other, they do not love each other, but instead need each other, their parasite and host relationship is inter-reliant and interdependent. With the aid of Mosca, Valpone sets out to bring down each of the other ravenous characters in turn. Although it is Johnson's desire to inform and instruct he allows us to become amused by their amoral scheme and their amazing double act of trickery, due to the other characters gullibility, as each of them have too been infected by the degenerate disease of avarice. Their greed has given Valpone three years to enjoy â€Å"playing with their hopes† and their ignorance allows Valpone to continually take pleasure in † Letting the cherry knock against their lips†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These legacy hunters, aware of the effective threat of each other, bring presents, each trying to outdo the other, naively trusting Mosca as their vector to Valpones treasure. This old Italian tradition encourages such behaviour, and although this play is fictional, it is based on the diseased Italy which was rotten to the core with corruption. In his pretended dying state Valpone lacks the opportunity to show off linguistically, his plan requires Mosca to do his lying and deceiving for him. Ironically however the materialisation of Mosca's plan sees Valpone disguised as a mountebank. In this masque Valpone successfully woes the crowd, his exhibitionist side is exposed, he is persuasive and entertaining, his dazzling sales pitch deceives the crowd, making them think that they are buying a great product at a bargain price â€Å"I am content to be deprived of it for six;† Valpone as Scotto of Mantua even manages to accomplish verbally seducing the virtuous Celia into dropping her hanky with his sensual and soft language. Only that Valpone disgustingly tries to pervert and rape the innocent and beautiful Celia he would almost seem heroic. Till this point there is almost a sense of fairness in that he gulls those equally selfish and greedy, in a simplistic term one bad guy taking from another. He is superior to those waiting to gorge on his corpse in that he has a sense of dignity, demands a sense of respect and is so warped in arrogance it is humorous. However, in his attempted rape his evilness takes a step too far, while we may have forgiven him for duping the melodramatic Bonario out of his inheritance there is no repentance in his attempt to take Celia without her will. â€Å"yield or I'll force thee† The sympathy we felt for Valpone in Act three Scene four when confronted with the garrulous grotesque Lady Would-be has been dissolved, her sin was that of being irritating, vain and boring, while all ugly qualities her seduction lacks the malice the violence and pure evil of rape. This is when the laughter stops and the audience is forced to look introspectively at their own moral values. The play narrowly escapes with a â€Å"happy† ending, Johnson ensures that no matter how persuading or entertaining the corrupt were, they are punished, full of vitality and life, or not, while the good are absolved. It is not the stereotypical â€Å"good overcoming evil† resolve, as neither Celia or Bonario, the only evidence of innocence throughout the play, carried much characteristic weight being two dimensional and shallow. The result is that evil overreaches and destroys itself. Valpone although a mastermind is left to wither away at an asylum, and without his gold to keep him company he his left to rot in his own hell. The audience was tempted and seduced by his explosive personality and the life that oozed out of him, even when feigning sick. Although hyperbolised and exaggerated he was the emphasis of human folly, we are all to a degree driven by greed, we too are tempted by wrong and dishonesty, and that is the very reason that the character of Valpone appeals to us.

Why is the European Crisis So Much More Severe than the US Crisis and Essay

Why is the European Crisis So Much More Severe than the US Crisis and What Could Be Done to Fix It - Essay Example This crisis first manifested in late 2009 when the sovereign debt crisis was triggered by the increased levels of government debt around the world, and it was worsened by the downgrading of government debts for some European countries. Various causes of economic crises were seen for different European countries and all of these issues converged to form sovereign debts which were further increased by banking bailouts. In some other countries in Europe, their crisis was caused by private debts arising from the downturn of the property market. Greece was one of the countries which were significantly affected by this crisis. However, in general, the impact of the European crisis has been largely extensive. The impact of this crisis however seems to be larger and longer as compared to the US economic crisis as the US is now manifesting improvements in their economy. This paper shall discuss why the European crisis is so much more severe than the US crisis and what could be done to fix it. ... In effect, any economic decision and government solution imposed by the US federal government is a decision which is meant to affect the entire country, not just a particular state (Koba, 2012). For the European community however, the crisis stems from a variety of causes for different countries and any solution to be implemented by the European community would be difficult to implement to all countries (Nelson, et.al., 2012). The European crisis is taking much longer than the US crisis to resolve because it is caused by various issues. These causes seem to include the following or a combination of the following: globalized finance, flexible credit option from 2002 to 2008 which caused high-risk spending, 2007-2012 global financial crisis, global trade imbalance, real estate crisis, 2008-2012 international recession, and bailouts of banks and private bondholders (Kakutani, 2011). All of these elements combined form the European economic crisis. In the last two years, the European Zon e has carried out various considerations on how to handle their crisis. However, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and even Italy have experienced a significant rating downgrade of their sovereign debt (Kakutani, 2011). This led to issues of default and a significant rise in borrowing costs. And, while this zone may be prompted to do whatever it would take to resolve the crisis, it would be unlikely for the situation to be resolved in the immediate foreseeable future. This crisis is not a classic currency issue (Sri Kumar, 2012). It is an issue which involves the management of economies in a currency zone, with their related economic and political issues arising from the fact that their citizens are doing

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Creating a welcoming workplace for the older worker - Article Example However, other professions like nursing view older workers as experienced and can bring greater skills and expertise in the organization. However, Mexico referral hospital has a policy in relation to the retirement of its nurses that gives them room to extend their contact with the hospital within a given period. However, some factors will make an employee to remain in an organization for more years after retirement or retire at an early age. Among the factors that make an employee to retire early in an organization include the following; the first injuries to nurses, if the nurses attaining injuries in their duties will make them retire early because of they are the inability to perform as per their expectation (Garber, 2008). The most likely damage that nurses can face includes back pains caused by frequent bending while attending to patients. Moreover, the nurses can leave the organization because of anxiety as well as depression. In addition, heavy workloads can also lead to early retirement among the nurses in Mexico referral hospital. Poor working environments are some of the major causes of early retirement at Mexico referral hospital. The aging nurse prefers operating in a conducive environment to enable to carry out their operations in a most effective and efficient manner. However, the retirement age varies from one country to another, for instance, in Canada; nurses retire at an average age of 45, Denmark 65 and Iceland at an average age of 68. The retirement age in most countries is as a requirement by law. However, most organizations retain their staff because of the reduced rate of employment and the skills that the aging nurses have in this profession. However, the research shows that most nurses who accept the retaining offer ranges from the age of 50-68 years in average. However, the nurses who are above 70 years prefer to start their health centers or provide their services free to the community. Allowing regular flexibility

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Leadership characteristics of a successful entrepreneur Essay Successful entrepreneurs are specialized types of leaders that have a definite set of leadership characteristics that make them good at what they domotivate people. Successful entrepreneurs are usually very focused in their vision and are immersed in making their venture successful. A good entrepreneur uses a dynamic and charismatic approach to motivate their employees to feel the same sort of feelings of success that he or she feels towards the ultimate success of the business. Howard Shultz, the founder of Starbucks Corporation, uses a dynamic leadership style, charismatic personality and vision to propel Starbucks as the premiere specialty coffee house in America, and is well on the way to becoming the global name for specialty coffee houses. Entrepreneurs, by the very nature of the definition, are self-starters that are highly motivated to make their business successful. 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People will work harder for a company that has ideals and principles that they also believe in and share. Successful entrepreneurs are able to create a vision for the company; they provide a goal or ideal that employees and the public in general can relate to. By having a vision or ideal that the company is striving for, each employee feels that they are performing a vital function that eventually leads to the final goal. Employees will work hard to achieve a goal if they feel that a goal is worthwhile or somehow makes the world a better place. Companies usually state these in mission statements, with variations for whatever the company holds as an ideal, such as environmentalism or community service. Howard Shultz, founder of Starbucks, is a very motivated individual that has a vision of what he would like Starbucks to become. The fact that Shultz coordinated 150 new Starbucks openings between 1987 and 1992 shows that he was very motivated to make Starbucks a national and eventually international success. Shultzs vision for Starbucks has facilitated the opening of over 3,300 stores worldwide and Starbucks continues to grow at an extremely rapid pace. Along with charisma and motivation, Howard Shultz possesses many leadership attributes, which make him a very successful leader and motivator. Shultz knows how to make people feel like they are doing something important. Selling coffee is not a vital function that is needed for life, but Shultz has made selling coffee seem important to those that work for Starbucks. Shultz created a policy that Starbucks will only purchase organically grown coffee beans. This one policy makes Starbucks seem like they are performing a service to the world by creating a market for coffee beans that arent responsible for damaging the environment. Environmentalists and even non-environmentalists agree that this is a good thingeven noble. The  people that sell the Starbucks product feel a sense of pride for doing something for the environment. Starbucks also does other things that have the same effect, but on different populations. Starbucks has a program that builds schools, community centers, etc, in the communities that Starbucks buys its coffee beans from. This type of activity appeals especially to socially conscious people that get reward from knowing that Starbucks is giving something back to the community from which the coffee beans are taken. Another program, called the Urban Coffee Opportunities, offers inner city entrepreneurs an opportunity to bring a Starbucks to an inner city neighborhood in the hopes that a Starbucks business can spark financial growth and future business opportunities for inner city areas. This program also appeals to the socially conscious and creates a sense that Starbucks really cares about people and their communities. These programs are definitely good ideas and greatly enrich the lives of the people that they touch, but also serve as a basis to motivate employees as well as customers of Starbucks, which creates a better product and more sales for Starbucks. References http://h18004.www1.hp.com/products/customer_stories/starbucks.html; Accessed 10 Feb. 2004 http://www.starbucks.com/; Accessed 10 Feb. 2004

Augmented Reality Ar Is A Live Media Essay

Augmented Reality Ar Is A Live Media Essay Hardware components for augmented reality are: processor, display, sensors and input devices. Modern mobile computing devices like smartphones and tablet computers contain these elements which often include a camera and MEMS sensors such as accelerometer, GPS, and solid state compass, making them suitable AR platforms.[8] [edit] Display Various technologies are used in Augmented Reality rendering including optical projection systems, monitors, hand held devices, and display systems worn on ones person. [edit] Head-mounted A head-mounted display (HMD) is a display device paired to a headset such as a harness or helmet. HMDs place images of both the physical world and virtual objects over the users field of view. Modern HMDs often employ sensors for six degrees of freedom monitoring that allow the system to align virtual information to the physical world and adjust accordingly with the users head movements.[9][10][11] HMDs can provide users immersive, mobile and collaborative AR experiences.[12] [edit] Eyeglasses AR displays can be rendered on devices resembling eyeglasses. Versions include eye wear that employ cameras to intercept the real world view and re-display its augmented view through the eye pieces[13] and devices in which the AR imagery is projected through or reflected off the surfaces of the eye wear lens pieces.[14][15][16] [edit] Contact lenses Contact lenses that display AR imaging are in development. These bionic contact lenses might contain the elements for display embedded into the lens including integrated circuitry, LEDs and an antenna for wireless communication.[17][18][19][20] Another version of contact lenses, in development for the U.S. Military, is designed to function with AR spectacles, allowing soldiers to focus on close-to-the-eye AR images on the spectacles and distant real world objects at the same time.[21][22] [edit] Virtual retinal display A virtual retinal display (VRD) is a personal display device under development at the University of Washingtons Human Interface Technology Laboratory. With this technology, a display is scanned directly onto the retina of a viewers eye. The viewer sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them.[23] [edit] EyeTap The EyeTap (also known as Generation-2 Glass[24]) captures rays of light that would otherwise pass through the center of a lens of an eye of the wearer, and substituted each ray of light for synthetic computer-controlled light. The Generation-4 Glass[24] (Laser EyeTap) is similar to the VRD (i.e. it uses a computer controlled laser light source) except that it also has infinite depth of focus and causes the eye itself to, in effect, function as both a camera and a display, by way of exact alignment with the eye, and resynthesis (in laser light) of rays of light entering the eye.[25] [edit] Handheld Handheld displays employ a small display that fits in a users hand. All handheld AR solutions to date opt for video see-through. Initially handheld AR employed fiduciary markers,[26] and later GPS units and MEMS sensors such as digital compasses and six degrees of freedomaccelerometer-gyroscope. Today SLAM markerless trackers such as PTAM are starting to come into use. Handheld display AR promises to be the first commercial success for AR technologies. The two main advantages of handheld AR is the portable nature of handheld devices and ubiquitous nature of camera phones. The disadvantages are the physical constraints of the user having to hold the handheld device out in front of them at all times as well as distorting effect of classically wide-angled mobile phone cameras when compared to the real world as viewed through the eye.[27] [edit] Spatial Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) augments real world objects and scenes without the use of special displays such as monitors, head mounted displays or hand-held devices. SAR makes use of digital projectors to display graphical information onto physical objects. The key difference in SAR is that the display is separated from the users of the system. Because the displays are not associated with each user, SAR scales naturally up to groups of users, thus allowing for collocated collaboration between users. SAR has several advantages over traditional head-mounted displays and handheld devices. The user is not required to carry equipment or wear the display over their eyes. This makes spatial AR a good candidate for collaborative work, as the users can see each others faces. A system can be used by multiple people at the same time without each having to wear a head-mounted display. Examples include shader lamps, mobile projectors, virtual tables, and smart projectors. Shader lamps mimic and augment reality by projecting imagery onto neutral objects, providing the opportunity to enhance the objects appearance with materials of a simple unit- a projector, camera, and sensor. Handheld projectors further this goal by enabling cluster configurations of environment sensing, reducing the need for additional peripheral sensing.[28][29] Other tangible applications include table and wall projections. One such innovation, the Extended Virtual Table, separates the virtual from the real by including beam-splitter mirrors attached to the ceiling at an adjustable angle.[30] Virtual showcases, which employ beam-splitter mirrors together with multiple graphics displays, provide an interactive means of simultaneously engaging with the virtual and the real.[31][32] Altogether, current augmented reality display technology can be applied to improve design and visualization, or function as scientific simulations and tools for education or entertainment. Many more implementations and configurations make spatial augmented reality display an increasingly attractive interactive alternative.[11] Spatial AR does not suffer from the limited display resolution of current head-mounted displays and portable devices. A projector based display system can simply incorporate more projectors to expand the display area. Where portable devices have a small window into the world for drawing, a SAR system can display on any number of surfaces of an indoor setting at once. The drawbacks, however, are that SAR systems of projectors do not work so well in sunlight and also require a surface on which to project the computer-generated graphics. Augmentations cannot simply hang in the air as they do with handheld and HMD-based AR. The tangible nature of SAR, though, makes this an ideal technology to support design, as SAR supports both a graphical visualisation and passive haptic sensation for the end users. People are able to touch physical objects, and it is this process that provides the passive haptic sensation.[7][33][34][35] [edit] Tracking Modern mobile augmented reality systems use one or more of the following tracking technologies: digital cameras and/or other optical sensors, accelerometers, GPS, gyroscopes, solid state compasses, RFID and wireless sensors. These technologies offer varying levels of accuracy and precision. Most important is the position and orientation of the users head. Tracking the users hand(s) or a handheld input device can provide a 6DOF interaction technique.[36] [edit] Input devices Techniques include speech recognition systems that translate a users spoken words into computer instructions and gesture recognition systems that can interpret a users body movements by visual detection or from sensors embedded in a peripheral device such as a wand, stylus, pointer, glove or other body wear.[37][38][39][40] [edit] Computer The computer analyzes the sensed visual and other data to synthesize and position augmentations. [edit] Software and algorithms A key measure of AR systems is how realistically they integrate augmentations with the real world. The software must derive real world coordinates, independent from the camera, from camera images. That process is called image registration which uses different methods of computer vision, mostly related to video tracking.[41][42] Many computer vision methods of augmented reality are inherited from visual odometry. Usually those methods consist of two parts. First detect interest points, or fiduciary markers, or optical flow in the camera images. First stage can use feature detection methods like corner detection, blob detection, edge detection or thresholding and/or other image processing methods.[43][44] The second stage restores a real world coordinate system from the data obtained in the first stage. Some methods assume objects with known geometry (or fiduciary markers) present in the scene. In some of those cases the scene 3D structure should be precalculated beforehand. If part of the scene is unknown simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) can map relative positions. If no information about scene geometry is available, structure from motion methods like bundle adjustment are used. Mathematical methods used in the second stage include projective (epipolar) geometry, geometric algebra, rotation representation with exponential map, kalman and particle filters, nonlinear optimization, robust statistics. [edit] Applications Augmented reality has many applications, and many areas can benefit from the usage of AR technology. AR was initially used for military, industrial, and medical applications, but was soon applied to commercial and entertainment areas as well.[45] [edit] Archaeology AR can be used to aid archaeological research, by augmenting archaeological features onto the modern landscape, enabling archaeologists to formulate conclusions about site placement and configuration.[46] Another application given to AR in this field is the possibility for users to rebuild ruins, buildings, or even landscapes as they formerly existed.[47] [edit] Architecture AR can aid in visualizing building projects. Computer-generated images of a structure can be superimposed into a real life local view of a property before the physical building is constructed there. AR can also be employed within an architects work space, rendering into their view animated 3D visualizations of their 2D drawings. Architecture sight-seeing can be enhanced with AR applications allowing users viewing a buildings exterior to virtually see through its walls, viewing its interior objects and layout.[48][49] [edit] Art AR technology has helped disabled individuals create art by using eye tracking to translate a users eye movements into drawings on a screen.[50] An item such as a commemorative coin can be designed so that when scanned by an AR-enabled device it displays additional objects and layers of information that were not visible in a real world view of it.[51][52] [edit] Commerce ViewAR BUTLERS App Placing furniture using AR AR can enhance product previews such as allowing a customer to view whats inside a products packaging without opening it.[53] AR can also be used as an aid in selecting products from a catalog or through a kiosk. Scanned images of products can activate views of additional content such as customization options and additional images of the product in its use.[54][55] AR is used to integrate print and video marketing. Printed marketing material can be designed with certain trigger images that, when scanned by an AR enabled device using image recognition, activate a video version of the promotional material.[56][57][58] [edit] Education Augmented reality applications can complement a standard curriculum. Text, graphics, video and audio can be superimposed into a students real time environment. Textbooks, flashcards and other educational reading material can contain embedded markers that, when scanned by an AR device, produce supplementary information to the student rendered in a multimedia format.[59][60][61] Students can participate interactively with computer generated simulations of historical events, exploring and learning details of each significant area of the event site.[62] AR can aide students in understanding chemistry by allowing them to visualize the spatial structure of a molecule and interact with a virtual model of it that appears, in a camera image, positioned at a marker held in their hand.[63] Augmented reality technology also permits learning via remote collaboration, in which students and instructors not at the same physical location can share a common virtual learning environment populated by vi rtual objects and learning materials and interact with another within that setting.[64] [edit] Everyday 30 years of Augmediated Reality in everyday life. Since the 1970s and early 1980s, Steve Mann has been developing technologies meant for everyday use i.e. horizontal across all applications rather than a specific vertical market. Examples include Manns EyeTap Digital Eye Glass, a general-purpose seeing aid that does dynamic-range management (HDR vision) and overlays, underlays, simultaneous augmentation and diminishment (e.g. diminishing the electric arc while looking at a welding torch).[65] [edit] Industrial design AR can help industrial designers experience a products design and operation before completion. Volkswagen uses AR for comparing calculated and actual crash test imagery.[66] AR can be used to visualize and modify a car body structure and engine layout. AR can also be used to compare digital mock-ups with physical mock-ups for efficiently finding discrepancies between them.[67][68] [edit] Medical Augmented Reality can provide the surgeon with information, which are otherwise hidden, such as showing the heartbeat rate, the blood pressure, the state of the patients organ, etc. In particular AR can be used to let the doctor look inside the patient by combining one source of images such as an X-ray with another such as video. This helps the doctor to identify the problem with the patient in a more intuitive way than looking at only type of image data. This approach works in a similar as the technicians doing maintenance work. Examples include a virtual X-ray view based on prior tomography or on real time images from ultrasound and confocal microscopy probes[69] or visualizing the position of a tumor in the video of an endoscope.[70] AR can enhance viewing a fetus inside a mothers womb.[71] See also Mixed reality. [edit] Military In combat, AR can serve as a networked communication system that renders useful battlefield data onto a soldiers goggles in real time. From the soldiers viewpoint, people and various objects can be marked with special indicators to warn of potential dangers. Virtual maps and 360Â ° view camera imaging can also be rendered to aid a soldiers navigation and battlefield perspective, and this can be transmitted to military leaders at a remote command center.[72] [edit] Navigation Augmented reality map on iPhone AR can augment the effectiveness of navigation devices. Information can be displayed on an automobiles windshield indicating destination directions and meter, weather, terrain, road conditions and traffic information as well as alerts to potential hazards in their path.[73][74][75] Aboard maritime vessels, AR can allow bridge watch-standers to continuously monitor important information such as a ships heading and speed while moving throughout the bridge or performing other tasks.[76] [edit] Office workplace AR can help facilitate collaboration among distributed team members in a work force via conferences with real and virtual participants. AR tasks can include brainstorming and discussion meetings utilizing common visualization via touch screen tables, interactive digital whiteboards, shared design spaces, and distributed control rooms.[77][78][79] [edit] Sports and entertainment AR has become common in sports telecasting. Sports and entertainment venues are provided with see-through and overlay augmentation through tracked camera feeds for enhanced viewing by the audience. Examples include the yellow first down line seen in television broadcasts of American football games showing the line the offensive team must cross to receive a first down. AR is also used in association with football and other sporting events to show commercial advertisements overlaid onto the view of the playing area. Sections of rugby fields and cricket pitches also display sponsored images. Swimming telecasts often add a line across the lanes to indicate the position of the current record holder as a race proceeds to allow viewers to compare the current race to the best performance. Other examples include hockey puck tracking and annotations of racing car performance and snooker ball trajectories. [41][80] AR can enhance concert and theater performances. For example, artists can allow listeners to augment their listening experience by adding their performance to that of other bands/groups of users.[81][82][83] The gaming industry has benefited a lot from the development of this technology. A number of games have been developed for prepared indoor environments. Early AR games also include AR air hockey, collaborative combat against virtual enemies, and an AR-enhanced pool games. A significant number of games incorporate AR in them and the introduction of the smartphone has made a bigger impact.[84][85] [edit] Task support Complex tasks such as assembly, maintenance, and surgery can be simplified by inserting additional information into the field of view. For example, labels can be displayed on parts of a system to clarify operating instructions for a mechanic who is performing maintenance on the system.[86][87] Assembly lines gain many benefits from the usage of AR. In addition to Boeing, BMW and Volkswagen are known for incorporating this technology in their assembly line to improve their manufacturing and assembly processes.[88][89][90] Big machines are difficult to maintain because of the multiple layers or structures they have. With the use of AR the workers can complete their job in a much easier way because AR permits them to look through the machine as if it was with x-ray, pointing them to the problem right away.[91] [edit] Tourism and sightseeing Augmented reality applications can enhance a users experience when traveling by providing real time informational displays regarding a location and its features, including comments made by previous visitors of the site. AR applications allow tourists to experience simulations of historical events, places and objects by rendering them into their current view of a landscape.[92][93][94] AR applications can also present location information by audio, announcing features of interest at a particular site as they become visible to the user.[95][96] [edit] Translation AR systems can interpret foreign text on signs and menus and, in a users augmented view, re-display the text in the users language. Spoken words of a foreign language can be translated and displayed in a users view as printed subtitles How Augmented Reality Works Video games have been entertaining us for nearly 30 years, ever since Pong was introduced to arcades in the early 1970s. Computer graphics have become much more sophisticated since then, and game graphics are pushing the barriers of photorealism. Now, researchers and engineers are pulling graphics out of your television screen or computer display and integrating them into real-world environments. This new technology, called augmented reality, blurs the line between whats real and whats computer-generated by enhancing what we see, hear, feel and smell. On the spectrum between virtual reality, which creates immersive, computer-generated environments, and the real world, augmented reality is closer to the real world. Augmented reality adds graphics, sounds, haptic feedback and smell to the natural world as it exists. Both video games and cell phones are driving the development of augmented reality. Everyone from tourists, to soldiers, to someone looking for the closest subway stop can now benefit from the ability to place computer-generated graphics in their field of vision. Augmented reality is changing the way we view the world or at least the way its users see the world. Picture yourself walking or driving down the street. With augmented-reality displays, which will eventually look much like a normal pair of glasses, informative graphics will appear in your field of view, and audio will coincide with whatever you see. These enhancements will be refreshed continually to reflect the movements of your head. Similar devices and applications already exist, particularly on smartphones like the iPhone. In this article, well take a look at where augmented reality is now and where it may be headed soon. Augmenting Our World The basic idea of augmented reality is to superimpose graphics, audio and other sensory enhancements over a real-world environment in real time. Sounds pretty simple. Besides, havent television networks been doing that with graphics for decades? However, augmented reality is more advanced than any technology youve seen in television broadcasts, although some new TV effects come close, such as RACEf/x and the super-imposed first down line on televised U.S. football games, both created by Sportvision. But these systems display graphics for only one point of view. Next-generation augmented-reality systems will display graphics for each viewers perspective. Some of the most exciting augmented-reality work is taking place in research labs at universities around the world. In February 2009, at the TED conference, Pattie Maes and Pranav Mistry presented their augmented-reality system, which they developed as part of MIT Media Labs Fluid Interfaces Group. They call it SixthSense, and it relies on some basic components that are found in many augmented reality systems: Camera Small projector Smartphone Mirror These components are strung together in a lanyardlike apparatus that the user wears around his neck. The user also wears four colored caps on the fingers, and these caps are used to manipulate the images that the projector emits. SixthSense is remarkable because it uses these simple, off-the-shelf components that cost around $350. It is also notable because the projector essentially turns any surface into an interactive screen. Essentially, the device works by using the camera and mirror to examine the surrounding world, feeding that image to the phone (which processes the image, gathers GPS coordinates and pulls data from the Internet), and then projecting information from the projector onto the surface in front of the user, whether its a wrist, a wall, or even a person. Because the user is wearing the camera on his chest, SixthSense will augment whatever he looks at; for example, if he picks up a can of soup in a grocery store, SixthSense can find and project onto the soup information about its ingredients, price, nutritional value even customer reviews. By using his capped fingers Pattie Maes says even fingers with different colors of nail polish would work a user can perform actions on the projected information, which are then picked up by the camera and processed by the phone. If he wants to know more about that can of soup than is projected on it, he can use his fingers to interact with the projected image and learn about, say, competing brands. SixthSense can also recognize complex gestures draw a circle on your wrist and SixthSense projects a watch with the current time. Mistry demonstrates SixthSense Photo courtesy Sam Ogden, Pranav Mistry, MIT Media Lab The SixthSense augmented reality system lets you project a phone pad onto your hand and phone a friend without removing the phone from your pocket. See more gadget pictures. Photo courtesy Lynn Barry, Pranav Mistry, MIT Media Lab Augmented Reality on Cell Phones While it may be some time before you buy a device like SixthSense, more primitive versions of augmented reality are already here on some cell phones, particularly in applications for the iPhone and phones with the Android operating system. In the Netherlands, cell phone owners can download an application called Layar that uses the phones camera and GPS capabilities to gather information about the surrounding area. Layar then shows information about restaurants or other sites in the area, overlaying this information on the phones screen. You can even point the phone at a building, and Layar will tell you if any companies in that building are hiring, or it might be able to find photos of the building on Flickr or to locate its history on Wikipedia. Layar isnt the only application of its type. In August 2009, some iPhone users were surprised to find an augmented-reality easter egg hidden within the Yelp application. Yelp is known for its user reviews of restaurants and other businesses, but its hidden augmented-reality component, called Monocle, takes things one step further. Just start up the Yelp app, shake your iPhone 3GS three times and Monocle activates. Using your phones GPS and compass, Monocle will display information about local restaurants, including ratings and reviews, on your cell phone screen. You can touch one of the listings to find out more about a particular restaurant. There are other augmented reality apps out there for the iPhone and other similar phones and many more in development. Urbanspoon has much of the same functionality as Yelps Monocle. Then theres Wikitude, which finds information from Wikipedia about sites in the area. Underlying most of these applications are a phones GPS and compass; by knowing where you are, these applications can make sure to offer information relevant to you. Were still not quite at the stage of full-on image recognition, but trust us, people are working on it. Weve looked at some of the existing forms of augmented reality. On the next page, well examine some of the other applications of the technology, such as in video games and military hardware An iPhone user displays the augmented reality app Monocle, which combines the phones camera view with tiny tags indicating the names, distances and user ratings of nearby bars, restaurants and more. AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez Augmented Reality in Video Games and the Military Video game companies are quickly hopping aboard the augmented-reality locomotive. A company called Total Immersion makes software that applies augmented reality to baseball cards. Simply go online, download the Total Immersion software and then hold up your baseball card to a webcam. The software recognizes the card (and the player on it) and then displays related video on your computer screen. Move the card in your hands make sure to keep it in view of the camera and the 3-D figure on your screen will perform actions, such as throwing a ball at a target. Total Immersions efforts are just the beginning. In the next couple of years, well see games that take augmented reality out into the streets. Consider a scavenger-hunt game that uses virtual objects. You could use your phone to place tokens around town, and participants would then use their phones (or augmented-reality enabled goggles) to find these invisible objects. Demos of many games of this order already exist. Theres a human Pac-Man game that allows users to chase after each other in real life while wearing goggles that make them look like characters in Pac-Man. Arcane Technologies, a Canadian company, has sold augmented-reality devices to the U.S. military. The company produces a head-mounted display the sort of device that was supposed to bring us virtual reality that superimposes information on your world. Consider a squad of soldiers in Afghanistan, performing reconnaissance on an opposition hideout. An AR-enabled head-mounted display could overlay blueprints or a view from a satellite or overheard drone directly onto the soldiers field of vision. Now that weve established some of the many current and burgeoning uses of augmented reality, lets take a look at the technologys limitations and what the future holds. Augmented reality can breathe a little life into your sports trading cards. Photo courtesy Total Immersion Limitations and the Future of Augmented Reality Augmented reality still has some challenges to overcome. For example, GPS is only accurate to within 30 feet (9 meters) and doesnt work as well indoors, although improved image recognition technology may be able to help [source: Metz]. People may not want to rely on their cell phones, which have small screens on which to superimpose information. For that reason, wearable devices like SixthSense or augmented-reality capable contact lenses and glasses will provide users with more convenient, expansive views of the world around them. Screen real estate will no longer be an issue. In the near future, you may be able to play a real-time strategy game on your computer, or you can invite a friend over, put on your AR glasses, and play on the tabletop in front of you. There is such a thing as too much information. Just as the CrackBerry phenomenon and Internet addiction are concerns, an overreliance on augmented reality could mean that people are missing out on whats right in front of them. Some people may prefer to use their AR iPhone applications rather than an experienced tour guide, even though a tour guide may be able to offer a level of interaction, an experience and a personal touch unavailable in a computer program. And there are times when a real plaque on a building is preferable to a virtual one, which would be accessible only by people with certain technologies. There are also privacy concerns. Image-recognition software coupled with AR will, quite soon, allow us to point our phones at people, even strangers, and instantly see information from their Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, LinkedIn or other online profiles. With most of these services people willingly put information about themselves online, but it may be an unwelcome shock to meet someone, only to have him instantly know so much about your life and background. Despite these concerns, imagine the possibilities: you may learn things about the city youve lived in for years just by pointing your AR-enabled phone at a nearby park or building. If you work in construction, you can save on materials by using virtual markers to designate where a beam should go or which structural support to inspect. Paleontologists working in shifts to assemble a dinosaur skeleton could leave virtual notes to team members on the bones themselves, artists could produce virtual graffiti and doctors could overlay a digital image of a patients X-rays onto a mannequin for added realism. The future of augmented reality is clearly bright, even as it already has found its way into our cell phones and video game systems. For more information about the subject and where its headed, take a look at the links on the next page Augmented Reality Augmented reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-gener

Trends And Benefits Of Vegetarian Cuisine Sociology Essay

Trends And Benefits Of Vegetarian Cuisine Sociology Essay Vegetarian lifestyle has basically moved to the status of healthy living in western culture .Vegetarian people prefer to eat natural food with friendly menus considering a lot of benefits which could be as follows A diet of fruits and vegetables can prevent diseases and reduce lung cancer and avoid blockage as well of the heart diseases ,diabetes is another problem in the cities which can be again prevented by intake of fruits which create lot of fibres ,vegetarian is good for your skin as it does not have an side effect, vegetarian food is again chemical free as it does have any animal cells and fat in it , our body can easily digest vegetarian food as it does not much time comparing to the animal food and with this we improve our digestion as well . Facts about vegetarian cuisine In 1961, the Journal of the American Medical Association stated that ninety to ninety-seven percent of heart disease, the cause of more than half the deaths in the United States, could be prevented by a vegetarian diet. http://www.vegetarian-restaurants.net/OtherIonfo/HealthBenefit.htm A vegetarian diet is very healthy diet but it is important to make sure that it is well balanced as we need all kind of nutrients from all forms. A healthy vegetarian diet should include grains and cereals, fruits and vegetables, dairy and soya products legumes nuts and seeds It has been said that animal meat contains more protein than vegetarian food but some people still prefer to have to vegetarian food as it avoids lots of animal fat which can cause heart diseases and we can also avoid lots of calories. After all this benefit we still might have a doubt as to why we should be vegetarian than here are some points which are relevant. Youll live a lot longer. Vegetarians live about seven years longer, and vegans (who eat no animal products) about 15 years longer than meat eaters, according to a study from Loma Linda University. These findings are backed up by the China Health Project (the largest population study on diet and health to date), We can save our heart by reducing the intake of fat in our body which can reduce the risk of heart attack and related diseases Researchers like NACNE Report (National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education)and also The World Health Organisation (1990) say that we can reduce or even avoid cancer and eating more vegetable would be protecting our body from all these diseases We can avoid intake of chemical that has been used on animals for some reason like to increase the growth of animals very fast or reproduction like the uk meat scandal 2007 which can also affect us in some ways Ecologists and environmentalists are concerned about protecting the living creatures on earth There might be many description of being vegetarian but In my project the main thing to highlight about being vegetarian is that people need to think what are they eating why are eating and how will it affect them,eating meat is not a bad practise its just people concept towards eating food , the kind of food they like the way they like, but its just being vegetarian will help them more when it comes to health , global warming, environment is concerned . We all know that people eat vegetarian or meat food due to n no of reasons here are few reason which we think would be possible Religion-there are certain rituals that we need to follow while having our daily food as it is very important. for e.g.- Hindu people cannot eat beef as it is their god and they worship cow which again makes an impact of consumption of food ,secondly Jainism- these are the kind of people that dont prefer to eat meat as they are purely vegetarian society and even prefer not to eat products that grows under earth for eg potatoes ,onion and many more things ,Islam -these people do not prefer to eat pork . Health issues -Eating lots of meat can lead to lots of fat which can again cause many diseases like heart blockage ,cancer ,diabetes and many more and all the doctors worldwide prefer not to eat meat in all these cases as they can lead to infection and poising as well which can lead to death. Eating meat does not mean it will affect the person but it can avoid the risk of diseases. Environment Raising lots of animals has lead to global warming which is again a threat to our environment .The emission of green house, chemical imbalance, water contamination has lead to problems. Trends and fashion In big societies people tend to have a vegetarian food as it has become a style statement and nowadays its been a trend of being vegetarian as people are creating awareness t to be vegetarian through magazines, yoga and other sources . Conscience some people have a feeling that if they turn to vegetarian they can avoid killing animals and they can make a lot of difference .Also some people conscious does not agree to eat meat products as they are not comfortable with it. Timeline (UNITED KINGDOMS) This paragraph will give us a brief idea of Vegetarianism as to when it started ? how it started and who were behind it . We will follow the history and find out various changed that was implicated in the vegetarian society 1452-leonardo da vinci ate no meat and he was entirely on vegetables. In 19 century Leonardo was great into his notebooks and he use to explore lots of things like reading books which made him vegetarian as he was against cruelty to animals http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1847 Vegetarian Society was formed in the united kingdom 1848 Vegetarian Society launched its magazine, which is still in production today 1889 1908 Vegetarian Granose Foods, the UKs first major health and vegetarian food manufacturer, is established. In 1908 the international vegetarian union was formed ivu) formed. 1900-1914 Mahatma Gandhi and George Bernard Shaw join the London Vegetarian Society 1916 Wholly Vegetarian Dishes promoted for the first time by the Ministry of Food as part of food rationing programme in WW1 1920 Vegetarian Society holds its first summer school at Arnold House in Llanddulas that ran for five weeks 1941 Ministry of Food grants special concessions to vegetarians for extra rations of cheese and and nuts during WWII 1944 Vegan Society Formed 1961 First Cranks vegetarian food restaurant opened in Carnaby Steet in London 1967 Tiny organism used for the production of mycoprotein was identified 1969 Vegetarian Society became a limited company 1970 Vegetarian Society logo introduced 1981 Cauldron Food first UK manufacturer of chilled tofu established 1983 Cordon Vert Vegetarian Cookery School established 1986 Marlow food formed Quorn brand launched 1989 Goodlife Foods established 1991 Linda McCartney launches her vegetarian meal range 1991 First National Vegetarian Day organised 1999 Vegetarian food market exceeds  £400 million in value http://www.meat-free.org.uk/mf_timeline.aspx History The vegetarian society was formed on 30 Sep 1847 and it is more than 150 years old. A group of vegetarian activists joined together and formed this society with the means to make people realize the benefits of being vegetarian. The Vegetarian Messenger, on 15th October 1848. In that year, a new group was formed in London. By then, the society had grown to 478 members. a period of rapid growth for vegetarianism, with 34 vegetarian restaurants open in London out of a total of 52 in Britain as a whole. Bernard Shaw and Mahatma Gandhi formed the vegetarian society in London in 1888 to 1891. There was some concern that was raised among the vegetarian people stating that we need t o avoid killing animals and eating there flesh and this became a big debate indeed I 1944.but by 1909 and 1912 the vegetarian society did accept the support of eggs and milk products that comes naturally from an animals without harming them at all. So the people were fine with this kind of support and were still regarded as vegetarians. . When the first British vegan cookery book No Animal Food by Rupert H. Wheldon appeared in 1910 containing 100 recipes and two essays on why eating animal food was not a good idea, the Vegetarian Societys sympathetic reviewer echoed similar comments: this is undoubtedly a point demanding the attention of vegetariansThe recipes show that it is not at all impossible to obtain a variety of palatable dishes without recourse to either eggs or milk. http://www.ivu.org/news/3-98/vegsocuk.html Developments and future trends in the vegetarian society BY 1970 to 1980 there was an increasing interest among the vegetarian society and people started demonstrating the benefits of being through magazines, cookery books, teaching and skills .courses through professional chefs. Few societies have introduced the national vegetarian week in order to promote the vegetarian dishes and make people realise the benefits of being vegetarian. There have been many exhibitions such as national vegetarian congress held in paris on October 20 1899 and also Brighton vegan fare 2009 to create awareness among the people about the benefits of being vegetarian Restaurants are trying various ways to impress people by innovating lot many dishes in vegetarian menu. There is nothing wrong in eating meat but people just want to try something new and it can also be just a plane reason to be vegetarian. There is nothing wrong in eating meat by figures show that people are converting themselves to vegetarian more often, surely there could be any reason but it might be beneficial for them in some way. . The figures are as follows There are currently about four million vegetarians in the UK, representing some seven per cent of the population. Amongst younger people, that figure rises to 12 per cent. It is estimated that a remarkable 41 per cent of people in the UK are now including far less meat in their diet. In the UK alone, approximately five thousand people each week are choosing to give meat a miss and join the veggie revolution. If such trends were to continue, it is estimated that by the year 2030 everyone in the UK will be a vegetarian. http://www.vegsoc.org/news/2000/21cv/introduction.html As per this saying i wont agree as some people still like to eat meat all the time and it is impossible up to certain extent as people are trying new techniques and methods to improve the taste of the food by constantly changing the menu, getting customers feedback, organizing exhibitions, getting comments and feedback from people as what extra could have been done . . As per the assumptions show above we can expect more demand of vegetarian food which in turn would force people to open vegan or purely vegetarian restaurants in the future. And some of them are -Wild Ginger in Harrogate and Hitchcocks in Hull, Yorkshire; Black Bos in Edinburgh; West 13th in Glasgow More Indians and Asians entering United Kingdom premises is creating a demand in vegetarian food which again is making difference to vegetarian figures Recipes of Vega based products has developed same as meat based products. Restaurants are making lot of changes in there menus as business is demanding for vegetarian food. We are getting vegetarian foods in supermarkets which have omega 3 which is most of the time not there in vegetarian food so we can make out that people are getting more options which is again increasing the demand . The lifestyle is also making a lot of difference in the eating habits people eating more of junk food and they dont eat the food properly they are working as well as eating without any concentration which is affecting them .. Our body is less resistance to things these days so people prefer to have vegetarian dishes and it could have many reason, health issues, and allergies. Its basically people have got options Disadvantages and Advantages of being vegetarian Being vegetarian does not necessarily means that it is good it also has lots of problems involved and these are some of the examples More vegetarian food in demand need more labelling but the labelling in supermarkets does not specify what king of vegetarian product that is for e.g. lacto vegetarian à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It would always state suitable for vegetarian but a vegan would not know it. Vegetarian by products come form fungi which is again harmful for someone as someone might be allergic to it and it does not state in the vegetarian dishes all the time. Some food products contain meat by products but we still show them vegetarian. For e.g. some products have gluten which is an animal product but we still show vegetarian product. (BREAKING TRADE RELATION). Some people are allergic to lot much food stuff which again makes them vegetarian which is also not a positive sign. Sodium and salt consumed in more quantity could be more harmful. When we cook food or cut vegetables we are destroying vitamins and by the time we eat the food it almost does not exists. Nutrients vary in vegetarian and meat based products for e.g. 100 grams of meat and 100grams of vegetables cooked or not cooked would not give the same proportion of nutrients. The proportion is not the same. The digestion varies as well digesting meat take more time than vegetarian. So it does make a difference. The following diagram show the vegan food pyramid and explain a benefits of vegetarian diet. Reference www.veganfoodpyramid.com/ By looking at the food pyramid we can make out what has to be consumed and in what proportion but it is very tricky question as it also depends on your age and kind of work the person is doing for e.g. If we burn more calories we need to have more of energy and if we dont work we dont need to have more calories intake. After looking at the pyramid we can make out that the lower part of the pyramid is the one which we should eat more which includes fruits and vegetables as it contains more of fibres and the vegetables have more of vitamins in them The second part of the pyramid shows that we need to have moderate amount of wheat and wheat products as they provide us starch and carbohydrates which is also good for our body . The third part of the pyramid shows us dairy and pulses which again gives us lots of vitamins ,proteins and minerals , as we all know eating neat also helps us in protein intake but we need to make sure that the food we eat has be digestible and it should also be helpful to our digestion system The fourth art of the pyramid shows us about the fats that u be used in very less amount , we know that we need some amount of fat in our body up to a certain extent but if more is consumed it will again lead to heart diseases . so it is very important to make sure that whatever we make it has to be in the right proportion and after all this we need to make sure that we consume atleast 8 to 10 glasses of water are body majorly has water . Being vegetarian does not mean eating fruits and vegetables we have different categories in vegetarian society. In vegetarian society we still have optional food items that are consumed b the people for e.g.- a vegetarian person can avoid eating egg as it is also a source of animal product which a person would not be comfortable with so for this reason we have divided vegetarian people in 6 different categories and they are LACTO- OVO LACTO VEGAN JAINISM RAW VEGAN/RAW FOOD DIET Lacto -ovomost of vegetarian people did not like eating meat as they could not see the suffering of animals so they avoided eating meat but they were fine eating egg and egg products but not meat ,fish and seafood .They were fine eating animals products until and unless if they were not killed like dairy products which come through animals Lacto These people are the other way around they can consume dairy products like milk, cheese, butter but not eggs. In this case the animal gelatine can also be avoided by getting special kind of products for e.g. -gluten free bread and products which are gluten free or gelatine free. Vegan These are completely different from the other two. they dont prefer any animal or its by product they are purely vegetarian ,no eggs and no dairy products , everything that they eat has to be animal free .they have very less option when it comes to food and these people need to make sure that they need to get all kinds and nutrients from limited sources of food . for e.g.-vegan people has no means of getting b12 in the food list but then some food companies made sure that the cereals or cornflakes that they eat should have b12 in it . Janism- These are the kind of people which are like vegan which dont prefer any animal or it by product and adding on to that they do not prefer to eat food products that is grown under the ground as they think that micro organism underground might have contaminated the food. And these include onion, potatoes; they are fine with the products which grow above the ground level. These are the kind of the vegetarian people that exists to day. We will talk about the nutritional value which is concerned with the vegetarian food. We all know meat and meat products has lots of vitamins and minerals and fat that is required for our day to day activities but all these nutrients can also be obtained by vegetarian products, here the brief idea as to what ingredients give the kind of nutrients. These are the form of energies that we get from the food products basically from vegetarian food. Proteins -it has been said that women needs about 45g of proteins per day and men needs about 55g of protein per day and it has been also said that excessive protein can lead to degenerative diseases which can create a lot of problems -http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/asksam/healthydiet/fiasandshellfishq/ Soya products, milk products, wheat, pulses, cereals, free range eggs these are the products which contain lots of protein in them and which should be consumed in certain quantity. Protein is basically found in meat and meat products and it is found lesser in non animals products provided if u are a vegetarian we need to make sure that we should get all kind of proteins from vegetarian products. The very most important thing that we need to make sure is the difference between the essential and non essential protein, the non essential proteins are the one that can be assembled by the essential protein but the essential protein cannot be assembled by itself. Lack of protein can affect our body by lack of energy, obsiety, hair loss and sleeping problems. From the vegetarian point of view, getting protein is not a big problem as we have many vegetarian foods which has good amount of protein in it, thought the vegetarian diet may not have all the essential proteins and i also depends on each person eating habits. For e.g. a vegan may not have all the proteins as they are limited to certain food which is again a big problem. Fats- Although people have a concept in their mind that fat is not good for health which is wrong up to a certain extent we need fat in our body but in a certain limit as it protects our some vital organs of our body from shock and pressure .the sources of fats are oil, nuts, dairy and dairy products .30% of calories should be from fat and protein cannot be converted into fats. There are two types of fat poly-saturated and mono-unsaturated fat and both the combination of these fats makes unsaturated fat and these are primarily found in vegetarian products. Olive and canola oil is very important oil when it comes to health. Triglycerides and trans fat are the kind of fat that are used fir taste but it is not good for our health and is creating heart diseases .it has been said that the food cannot be cooked without fat but it should be used in minimum quantity. In the UK, people consume on average about 10g per day of linoleic acid, found in around nine level teaspoons of polyunsaturated mar garine or three teaspoons of sunflower oil. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8161616.stm From the vegetarian points of view, getting fat is very easy as we have fat is many vegetarian foods like oil, dairy and dairy products but any fat consumed should be in less quantity as it may have effects on our health and as we have discussed the future trends people are very much concerned about their health so they prefer eating less fat. And vegetable fats are mostly unsaturated .we also get oil in the supermarket which has omega 3 in it and which is very important for a vegan as vegan cannot have dairy products . Carbohydrates -these are the form of energy which is also required to a body and the simple source of carbohydrate is sugar. We need carbohydrate as it provides s energy gradually but it has been said that over consumption of carbohydrate can lead to obesity. Different sources of carbohydrate are rye bread, wheat bread, potatoes. Any food that name ends with ose has sugar in it like lactose (milk), fructose (fruits) is considered to be a carbohydrate and if excess is consumed it will be converted into fat easily 2 types of carbohydrate Good one fruits and vegetables and grains /Bad one potatoes, pastas, pastries, direct sugar . Excessive sugar can also lead to diabetics which can be a big problem so we need to make sure that we should consume limited amount of carbohydrate. From the vegetarian point of view, carbohydrate are found in many plants foods like cereals ,barley ,oats and also fruits . The World Health Organisation recommends that 50-70% of energy should come from complex carbohydrates. But it also depends on the eating pattern from person to person. MINERALS minerals help our body to grow, there are some minerals that are found in our body, it has been said that beef has lots of iron which is very good for our health but since we are talking about the vegetarian products we need to mention the vegetarian dishes through which we can get the minerals for e.g. Green leafy vegetables, orange juice, wheat and oats, tomatoes, banana, oranges There are different kinds of mineral those iron, zinc, iodine, calcium and all these minerals play a very important roles in our life for e.g. iron is good for our brains and growth, calcium is good for our teeths muscle and bones ,potassium is good for our skin ,zinc is good for fighting illness and germs . Calcium- green leafy vegetables nuts and seeds Iron- dried fruits, green leafy vegetables Zinc- cereals and green leafy vegetables Iodine -sea vegetables these are certain vital minerals that are required for the growth of a body and we can find all these minerals from vegetarian food items. As from the above explanation we know that vegetables are good source of minerals and we can get them in the right quantity . http://www.vegsoc.org/info/basic-nutrition.html http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/minerals.html# Vitamins and minerals information sheet Vitamin A- good for healthy skin-carrots, spinach, watercress, margarine Vitamin B2-breaking down the carbohydrate -Brazil nuts, rice, oatmeal, flour, sunflower seeds Vitamin b3-for nervous system -peanut, mushroom, sesame seeds Vitamin b6-red blood cell formations and protein metabolism -hazelnuts, banana, peanuts Vitamin b12-red blood cell formations -herbal soft drinks, breakfast cereals Vitamin c -bones, teeth, gums -citrus foods, spinach, berries Vitamin d For absorption of minerals for healthy bones-dairy products and margarine. Vitamin e Acts as an antioxidant protecting vitamins A and C- vegetable oil, avocadoes Vitamin k -for blood clotting spinach, cabbage and cauliflower Minerals Iron- component of haemoglobin -green leafy vegetables Sodium and potassium maintain bodys water balance -salt, root vegetables and cereals Calcium-for bones and teeth-green leafy vegetables, soya milks Magnesium-strong bones and enzymes -found in plant food deficiency is very rare Sulphur -play a good role in enzyme system found very rare http://www.vegsoc.org/info/vitmineral.html Protein Protein intake is also one the most important factors. Being vegetarian does not mean that we lack protein as it is found in most of the plants and vegetarian dishes .protein once consumed are broken down to amino acids during digestion and are then absorbed by the human body. Certain amino acids are made by the human body itself but some proteins are required by a specific diet the eight essential amino acids required by humans are: leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and lysine. For children, histidine is also considered to be an essential amino acid.. http://www.vegsoc.org/info/protein.html Generally proteins are required for health and growth .they are very important as they help the structural support of our body. The sources of proteins are nuts, seeds, pulses soya milk and products, milk cheese and yoghurt. The conclusion of this whole project is to spread the awareness among the people for being vegetarian .Eating non vegetarian food as no side effects its just person concepts towards eating . Other than this people think that eating vegetarian food would really help them in positive manner and it would be fair to human as well as animals. and it has been said to save the planet we need to stop killing animals and start eating vegetarian food which can also impact our environment .when it comes to physical fitness , health related people have always preferred to be vegetarian as it has no side effects to our body and the habits of eating . In the past few years we have also seen people trying to force the production of meat based animals which is in turn affecting us , as government has taken some measures to improve it and people are still eating meat but again its just a person concept towards eating vegetarian and non vegetarian food .

Comparing Orlando by Virginia Woolf, Laughter in the Dark by Vladimir N

Comparing Orlando by Virginia Woolf, Laughter in the Dark by Vladimir Nabokov and Orlando by Sally Potter The novels, Orlando by Virginia Woolf and Laughter in the Dark by Vladimir Nabokov, as well as the film, Orlando, written and directed by Sally Potter, are all self-reflexive, or metafictional, i.e., they draw our attention to the processes and techniques of writing and the production of cinema. All three share similarities and differences in setting, narrative technique, characterization and theme. The settings of the above three works all differ but are similar in their reflexivity. Laughter in the Dark occurs in Berlin, Germany at an unspecified time, as is characteristic of fairy tales. This announcement that the novel is a fairy tale identifies the attitude of the narrator, his intention, and cues the reader on what stance s/he should take in order to understand the tale; that is, the reader must not be a gullible and credulous child, but must view the novel as a work of fiction with a point to make, with a lesson to be taught and to be learned. The novel Orlando opens in an attic room in a "gigantic house" where "He  ­ for there could be no doubt of his sex, though the fashion of the time did something to disguise it  ­ was in the act of slicing at the head of a Moor which swung from the rafters." It is uncertain who had struck it from the shoulders of a "vast Pagan who had started up under the moon in the barbarian fields of Africa."(13) This setting for an English au dience is indeterminate, set in a world far away from the present. The reader cannot quite tell what century from the opening lines, except that the fashion would give us a clue as to the gender of the person whose biography this is about, a biography... ... Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, VHS VIDEO Orlando. Directed by Sally Potter, l994. WORKS CONSULTED Appel, Alfred Jr. & Charles Newman, editors. Nabokov : criticism, reminiscences, translations, and tributes. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, l970. Branden, Nathaniel. The Art of Living Consciously. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. Clancy, Laurie. The Novels of Vladimir Nabokov. New York: St. Martin's Press, c1984. Hampton, David. Vladimir Nabokov: A Critical Study of the Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, c1984. Ross, Charles Stanley. Vladimir Nabokov: Life, Work, and Criticism. Fredericton, N.B. Canada: York Press, cl985. Roth, Phyllis A. Critical Essays on Vladimir Nabokov. Boston: G. K. Hall, c1984. Tschofen, Monique. English 373: Film and Literature Study Guide. Athabasca University, 2000.

Biggers Self Realization in Native Son Essay -- Native Son Essays

Bigger's Self Realization in Native Son      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although today we live in a nation, which has abolished slavery, the gap between the whites and the blacks during the early stages of America's development has plainly carried into the present.   In Native Son, author Richard Wright illustrates this racial gap, in addition to demonstrating how white oppression upon blacks is capable of producing revengeful individuals, not to mention being an immoral act in itself.   Bigger Thomas is one of those individuals, who discovers his capacity to rebel through acts of murder against the white society, which has for long oppressed his family, friends, and himself.   By tracing Bigger's psyche from before the murder of Mary Dalton, into the third book of the novel, and into the subconscious depths of the final scene, the development of Bigger's self realization becomes evident.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An entire period of Bigger's life, up until the murder of Mary Dalton, portrays him under a form of slavery, where the white society governs his state of being.   While he worked for the Daltons, "his courage to live depended upon how successfully his fear was hidden from his consciousness"(44), and hate also builds on top of this fear.   Once he is in contact with Mary, his fears and hate pour out in a rebellious act of murder, because to Bigger Mary symbolizes the white oppression.   In addition, he committed the act, "because it had made him feel free for the first time in his life"(255).   At last he feels he is in control of his actions and mentality.   He rebels against the burden of the white man's torment.   He had "been scared and mad all . . . [his] life... ... between Bigger and Max.   Consequently, from this study of Bigger's psyche, it is evident that the "Bigger That Might Have Been" is basically: 'a decent man'; such a result to become of Bigger, however, may only occur if Bigger's father was present, his family was not so impoverished, or even if he had maintained his job working honestly for the Daltons.   To produce the "Bigger That Might Have Been," slavery should never have occurred!    Sources Cited and Consulted Collier-Thomas, John; et al. Chronology of the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago, IL: Henry Holt & Company, Inc., January 2000. Neskahi, Arlie. "Anger Cycle Model." February 2003, 1998. http://www.rainbowwalker.com/anger/cycle.html Wright, Richard. Native Son. 1940. New York, NY: First Perennial Classics, a division of HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.